Religious Exemptions and Discrimination - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 596 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/03/29 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: Discrimination Essay Did you like this example? Over the last ten years, queer people in the United States have made significant political and legal progress such as the liberty to get married to the parties of their liking. Queer people in this case represent minor interest groups such as the lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and transgender (LGBT) people in the United States. However, every aspect of this progress is not covered or protected by federal laws. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Religious Exemptions and Discrimination" essay for you Create order One such aspect is the prohibition of discrimination directed to queer people in relation to their gender identity and sexual orientation in sectors such as housing, employment and access to needed services. Without protection from discrimination, these people are evidently in lack of a legal recourse to sue for damages in the cases where they are evicted, fired and refused service due to either their gender identity or sexual orientation. One sensitive area of discussion is the recent emergence of service refusal by businesses due to what is perceived as the owners religious beliefs. The question whether service refusal on religious grounds is right or wrong has been posed on several official and unofficial platforms across the country. The proponents of this service refusal definitely deem the act right in its entirety. It is argued that the federal laws are structured in such a way as to create a balance between the rights of these queer groups of people and religious freedom. Therefore, business owners are within their own rights as religious believers to discriminate these people with little to no consideration since the law creates a blanket of exceptions on this regard. In this case, service refusal is deemed inconsequential since queer people could easily invest time and money to get these services in places that are considerate to their plight. As much as there are business owners who feel uncomfortable serving these people, there also exist other businesses that are accommodative. Therefore, it stands to reason that these people should simply take their business elsewhere. However, these arguments fail on a couple of fronts. They fail to completely convince that the action taken by these business owners is right. First and foremost, these arguments trivializes the discrimination being perpetrated on these people. Any type of discrimination is wrong since it hold far reaching impacts. In this case, service denial stands to impact on these individuals and their families negatively. Secondly, these arguments make an outrageous implication that once denied service these people could still simply locate alternative accommodative services nearby. One such notable case of service denial was in the Masterpiece Cakeshop case. Proponents of service denial have continued to make use of the argument that service are easy to come by in numerous amicus briefs in support of the business owners in this case. These briefs hold anti-queer views that are highly extreme in nature. However, these views act like a one-two punch in the face of queer people in reality. Service denial is a form of discrimination that results to a sought of harm that negatively impacts the peoples physical and psychological health together with their wellbeing. Compounding these effects, experience has shown that on many instances once denied services these people ended up missing these services in alternative places. This implies that denying these people services makes it difficult or rather impossible for them to secure services at all. As a result, the act denies them full participation in the public square. With all these arguments, denying services to queer people on religious grounds is not only right but also inhumane from all possible perspectives and no amount of justification can change that.

Rorty 1984 Truth - 1398 Words

Rorty’s interpretation of the underlying messages of Nineteen Eighty-Four is, to a large extent, consistent with his views on truth and objectivity. â€Å"It does not matter whether two plus two is four is true, much less whether this truth is subjective or corresponds to external reality† (CIS, 176). What Rorty means by this is that it does not matter what one’s beliefs are, or whether those beliefs are true or not†¦ What defines a free society is that people are able to voice their beliefs and opinions without being scared about any repercussions. Winston wrote, â€Å"Freedom is the freedom to say that two plus two make four. If that is granted, all else follows† (1984, 69). It can be†¦show more content†¦He says â€Å"What was terrifying was not that they would kill you for thinking otherwise, but that they might be right†. For, after all, how do we know that two and two make four?†¦ If both the past and the external world exi st only in the mind, and if the mind itself is controllable- what then† (1984, 84)? The concept of physical pain is given a lot of importance in 1984. Winston thinks, â€Å"nothing in the world is as bad as physical pain† (1984, 251). It is due to immense physical pain that his process of re-educating himself begins. After being tortured in the dreaded Room 101, Winston set about educating himself in the way the Party wanted. He wrote the Party slogans on the slate they provided him and made himself believe them. He convinced himself that two and two was five; he acquired, laboriously the stupidity required to do that. â€Å"It is not easy to become sane† (1984,263). â€Å"He wondered, as he had many times wondered before, whether he himself was a lunatic. Perhaps a lunatic was simply a minority of one. But the thought of being a lunatic did not greatly trouble him: the horror was that he might also be wrong† (1984, ch 7). Initially, when Conant says that one of Rorty’s doctrines is that â€Å"solidarity should replace objectivity† (Conant, 87), what this seems to imply is that one’s beliefs should be in accordance with that of one’s peers instead of blindly believingShow MoreRelatedThe Perfect Utopia Will Never Be A Reality906 Words   |  4 Pageswarn us about something else we need to fix about today’s society. Thank you so much Atwood, Huxley, Frankl, Wilson, and Freud for your views and have a safe trip back to wherever you might be going. Welcome Foucault, Orwell, Andreas, Burgess, and Rorty. I have noticed that all of your book contain common themes. Some of those themes include forms of discipline and punishment, control of power, and war. That being said who wants to start of the discussion? Foucault: I guess I will start. I thinkRead More Biology, Pragmatism and Contradiction Essay3857 Words   |  16 Pagescontradiction. According to Apel, when we abandon the Universal Philosophy we have to abandon rationality as well, and consequently, Philosophy itself. The performative contradiction appears when trying to think everything as contingent, (including truths and principles that validate the argumentative rationality) we would expect this to be inter-subjectively accepted. Thus, we would be proposing that there are not universal foundations or validations for our statements and simultaneously expectingRead More Equality of Life4144 Words   |  17 Pagesineradicable pluralism as well as cultural diversity. I contend that the defender of religion who argues from the incommensurability of this form of life must also give up all traces of worldview exclusivism, the dogmatic claim to possess the one truth about the world. 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Here we concentrate on three so-called subjective and often covert modalities of resistanceRead MoreEssay about Postmodernism, Deconstructionism, and the Ethnographic Text5376 Words   |  22 Pagesrather than creating meta-theories to explain observed cultural phenomenon and argued for the creation of new, temporally appropriate, modes of expression which questions the implied authority of tra ditional theoretical and methodological constructs (1984). Derrida (1976) questioned the relationship of text and author, challenging the dominance of the latter over the former, offering deconstructionism as an answer to the problem of authorship and interpretation of texts. Clifford (1988) viewed the acceptedRead MoreStudents Role in National Development9194 Words   |  37 Pagesdemonstrated that teachers must take these styles into account. 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The Effects of Red Tide free essay sample

The National Institute of Health began studying the problem in 2000. Their study looked first at the effects of the red tide toxins on mice. The mice surprisingly did not show any respiratory effects, but did show signs of immune suppression. This evidence supports recently documented new illnesses in dolphins and other marine animals, and causes concern for the far reaching implications on the exposed human population. The research team also reviewed health records for local emergency rooms, which showed that respiratory problems such as asthma and bronchitis increased during the red tide events. When the team investigated further they found that while red tide events were thought to mainly affect the respiratory system, research showed that the manatees were also killed by eating sea grasses that contained the toxins long after the blooms were gone. This caused them to believe that humans may also be affected by eating seafood exposed to the red tide toxins. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Red Tide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although â€Å"Red Tide† has always been thought to affect mainly marine life, these recent studies have shown it to affect the human population also. The far reaching implications could be enormous, especially for the people who live in often infected areas, as well as for the seafood industry. Further research is necessary to determine how the brevotoxins may be controlled, and how they are formed. Humans who are exposed should be cautious, and steps should be taken to prevent further pollutions that may increase the growth of the problem. Works Cited Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution. â€Å"Red Tide Impacts Increasing for Endangered Manatees and Humans. † Biology News Net (Feb 26, 2006): 1-3.

Systems and Credit Risk Management †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Systems and Credit Risk Management. Answer: Introduction: The company drafted 10 years plan for new plant expansion. ANB Automobile Berhad need to compute the amount of money coming in and amount of money going out so as to determine the feasibility level of this particular business. There is no point of investing huge amounts of money without determining whether the business will generate more revenue and reserves than what was initially invested (Combs, Clapp-Smith Nadkarni, 2010). For that purpose, the company need to carry out cash flow analysis so as to determine whether cash inflow is greater than cash outflow. If cash outflow is more than cash inflow, then the project under consideration is not worth investing since the company will incur loses. If the cash inflow is more than cash outflow, then the project is worth investing since the company is making profits. If the cash inflow is equal to cash outflow, then the company is indifferent on whether to invest or not (Cocca Alberti, 2012). From the beginning of 2017, ANB Automobile B erhad Company placed an initial investment of RM 37 million in research and development (R D). This implies that the first cash outflow occurred in year 2017 amounting to 37 million. Again ANB Automobile Berhad Company decided to purchase piece of land worth 3 million. This is a cash outflow because money is moving out of the company. Cost of construction will 28.5 million. This amount was splinted into two payments. First payment was done at 20.5 million on 31 December 2018. That falls under cash outflow. Second payment was done at 8 million on 31 December 2019. Again that is cash outflow. Second payment of RM 8 million made to the contractor on 31 December 2019. This was the second payment to construction process (Chopra, 2012). This amount was also a cash outflow. Again, the company had to offer commission and pay for transport and equipment. Installation of equipment will be completed at the middle of 2019 and payment is expected to be made at 31 December 2019. Total cost includes RM 15 million for equipment and transportation. For commission, ANB Automobile Berhad Company spent RM 300,000. These amounts will be reflected in cash outflow column in cash flow d iagram. The company also need to put the cost of operation into consideration. From first year, 2017, the operational cost was 950,000. Thus for 2018, operation cost was 104% 950,000= 988,000. For year 2019, operation cost will be 104% 988,000= 1,027,520. Therefore, the total operation cost for ANB Automobile Berhad Company by the end 2019 will be 950,000+988,000+1,027,520= 2,965,520. To consider the cash inflow that the company will generate, then we consider year 2017 as a base year for a span of 3 year up to 2019. Overall revenue of the company has decreased to RM 30 million at first year and predicted to increase 5% each year. Thus, the revenue in year 1 = 30 million. For year 2 will be 105% 30 million= 31.5 million. For year 3, 105 31.5=33. 075. Events Description year Cash outflow 000 1 Initial investment of RM 37 million in research and development (R D).This was done in the beginning of 2017 2017 37,000 2 Cash used to purchase a new piece of land for expansion. Extension of the new plant requires a piece of land cost RM 3 million. 2018 3,000 3 First payment of RM 20.5 million made to the contractor on 31 December 2018. This was the first payment to construction process. 2018 20, 500 4 Second payment of RM 8 million made to the contractor on 31 December 2019. This was the second payment to construction process. 2019 8,000 5 Installation of equipment will be completed at the middle of 2019 and payment is expected to be made at 31 December 2019. Total cost includes RM 15 million for equipment and transportation. 2019 15,000 6 RM 300,000 for commissioning. 2019 300 7 Operation costs year 2017 2017 950 Operation costs year 2018 2018 988 Operation costs year 2019 2019 1027.52 Totals 86,765.52 From the above computation, we realize that the company spend RM 86,765,520 in the project for expansion. This cost has been made as payment to various expenditures for a span of 3 years. That is, 2017 to 2019. On the other hand, the same company will generate total revenue of 30 + 31.5 + 33.075= 94.575 million for a span of 3 years. Since the cash inflow in there years is greater than cash outflow in three years, then the business is worth investing. That is, cash flow= cash inflow-cash outflow= 94.575-86.76552=7.80948 million. With the aid of Present Worth and Future Worth analysis, explain the feasibility of the proposal if Minimum Attractive Rate of Return (MARR) is 20%. The net present worth (NPW) or present worth or net present value (NPV) of given series of cash flow is the equivalent values of the cash flows at the end of year zero. That is, at the beginning of year 1. Net present worth = equivalent present worth of future cash flow initial investment (Daft, 2015). Under NPW method, PW of all cash inflows are compared with PW of all cash outflows. The difference between these PVs is called the net present value. This is the difference between the present value of cash inflows and the present value of cash outflows of a project. To get the present values a discount rate is used which is the rate of return or the opportunity cost of capital (DeTombe, 2012). The opportunity cost of capital is the expected rate of return that an investor could earn if the money would have been invested in financial assets of equivalent risk. Hence its the return that an investor would expect to earn. When calculating the NPV the cash flows are used and this implies that any non-cash item such as depreciation if included in the cash flows should be adjusted for (Arnold, 2010). Cash flows of the investment should be forecasted based on realistic assumptions. If sufficient information is given one should make the appropriate adjustments for non-cash items. Identify the appropriate discount rate (Fletcher, 2012). For this project the rate of return is provided at 20%. Compute the present value of cash flows identified in step 1 using the discount rate in step2. The NPV is found by subtracting the present value of cash out flows from present value of cash inflows. Mathematically this is represented as follow. Net Present Value (NPV) or present worth This is defined mathematically as the present value of cash flow less the initial outflow. Where Ct is the cash flow K is the opportunity cost of capital Io is the initial cash outflow n is the useful life of the project Decision Rule using NPV The decision rule under NPV is to: - Accept the project if the NPV is positive - Reject the project if NPV is negative Note: if the NPV = 0, use other methods to make the decision. Thus, if we compute the present worth of the company at rate of return of 20%, then we discount the cash flows for three years. That is from 2017 to 2019. We discount the revenue of 30 million at 20% rate of return (Gogu, 2017). However, since the engineering department has drafted a 10 years plan including of expanding a new plant to accommodate the production of this new range of cars, the present worth can be computed for a period of 10 years. Present worth = ((30, 000,000 (1+0.2)) + ((30, 000,000 (1+0.2)2) + ((30, 000,000 (1+0.2)3) +..+ ((30, 000,000 (1+0.2)10) 86,765,520 = 275,000,000 Future worth. Net Future Value measures the surplus in an investment project at time zero. Net future worth measures the surplus or equivalent worth or value of a project at the end of the investment period (Heranz, 2010). For the project under consideration, the future worth of the project will be compounded at a rate of return given as 20%. Mathematically, FW= A0(1+I)10 + A1(1+I)9+ A2(1+I)8+ .+ A2(1+I)1 . This formula will calculate the future worth for a period of 3 years. That is, from 2017 to 2019. However, since the engineering department has drafted a 10 years plan including of expanding a new plant to accommodate the production of this new range of cars, the future worth can be computed for a period of 10 years. Future worth = 30,000,000 (1+0.2)10+ 30,000,000 (1+0.2)9+30,000,000 (1+0.2)8+ . + 30,000,000 (1+0.2)1 = 342,000,000. From the computed values of present worth and future worth of the company at Minimum Attractive Rate of Return (MARR) of 20%, the project under consideration is feasible for the following decision. The present worth of ANB Automobile Berhad Company is positive (Lee, 2016). This implies that the project has a positive net present value. In that case, the project is worth investing hence feasible. From future worth, we find that the value of future worth of the project expansion is greater than present worth of the project (Kanungo Manuel, 2014). This is a positive indicator that the project is worth investing hence feasible. Prepare a plot of PW versus i estimate the break even rate of return for the proposal. Sensitivity analysis is a variation of the break-even analysis (Marylene, 2014). In sensitivity analysis we are asking; for example, what shall be the consequences if volume or price or cost changes? This question can be asked differently: How much lower the sales volume can become before the project becomes Unprofitable? To answer this question we shall require the breakeven point. A plot on pw verse i can be given when i represent rate of return for the project. Recall that present worth = net present value. If i2 = 20% then: PW (I) 2 = 275 PW (I) 1 - PW (I) 2 PW (I) 1 0 Continuing with the above example, let us compute the level of units variable costs above which the PW is negative. PW = Annual cash flows x PVIFA 20%, 10 yrs. - 86,765,520 Annual cash flows = Revenue Let break even rate of return be V Annual cash flows = (30,000,000 - 100 (V) Therefore NPV = [(300,000,000 - 100 V) At Breakeven point PW = 0 Therefore (165,000 - 50 V + 15,000) 6.145 = 86,765,520 1,106,100 - 30,725,000 v = 86,765,520 30,725,000 V = 86,765,520-1,106,100 V = 2.78793881% Thus, the required break even rate of return for the proposal is 2.78793881%. Propose the price of the car and minimum production unit per year needed to generate the annual revenue that breakeven the cost for R D and setting up the new plant. Assume that the company is expected to breakeven the cost after 5 years at Minimum Attractive Rate of Return (MARR) 20%. NPV = Annual cash flows x PVIFA 20%, 5 yrs. - 86,765,520 Annual cash flows = Revenue - variable costs - Fixed costs - depreciation - Tax + depreciation. Let variable cost per unit be V. for this case, depreciation and taxation are not provided. Thus, we compute the value of one unit or rather one car as follows. Annual cash flows = Revenue - variable costs - Fixed costs The operating cost for the project = variable costs +fixed costs Annual cash flows = Revenue operating costs. Operation cost for five years = 950,000+ 950,000 104% + 988,000104% +1,027,520 104% +1,068620 104% = 5,145,505 Revenue for 5 years= 30,000,000(1+0.05)5= 127,575,000 Annual cash flows = 86,765,520 Therefore NPV = 275,000,000 At Breakeven point NPV = 0 Therefore, Annual cash flows = Revenue operating costs. 86,765520 V = 275,000,000 + 127,575,000 V = 4.6939 million. Therefore the point above which the variable cost per unit will cause the NPV to be negative is about 4.6939 million. This will be the price of the car. Suggest some strategies to be used in penetrating the current automobile market that is highly competitive. A market is allocatively efficient if it directs savings towards the most efficient productive enterprise or project. In this situation, the most efficient enterprises will find it easier to raise funds and economic prosperity for the whole economy should result (Maslow, 2013). Allocative efficiency will be at its optimal level if there is no alternative allocation of funds channeled from savings that would result in higher economic prosperity. To be allocatively efficient, the market should have fewer financial intermediaries such that funds are allocated directly from savers to users, therefore financial disintermediation should be encouraged. This concept relates to the cost, to the borrower and lender, of doing business in a particular market. The greater the transaction cost, the greater the cost of using financial market and therefore the lower the operational efficiency (McGregor, 2012). Transaction cost is kept as low as possible where there is open competition between broker and other market participants. For a market to be operationally efficient, therefore, we need to have enough market makers who are able to play continuously. This reflects the extent to which the information regarding the future prospect of a security is reflected in its current price. If all known (public information) is reflected in the security price, then investing in securities becomes a fair game (Christopher, 2011). All investors have the same chances mainly because all the information that can be known is already reflected in share prices (Richard, 2013). Information efficiency is important in financial management because it means that the effect of management decision will quickly and accurately be reflected in security prices. Efficient market hypothesis relates to information processing efficiency. It argues that stock markets are efficient such that information is reflected in share prices accurately and rapidly. Creative Accounting strategy In an efficient market, prices are based upon expected future cash flow and therefore they reflect all current information (Clardy, 2013). There is no point therefore in firms attempting to distort current information to their advantage since investors will quickly see through such attempts. Studies have been done for example to show that changes from straight-line depreciation to reducing balance method, although it may result to increasing profit, may have no long-term effect on share prices (Ryan Deci, 2017). This is because the companys cash flows remain the same. Other studies support the conclusion that investors cannot be fooled by manipulation of accounting profit figure or charges in capital structure of company. Eventually, the investors will know the cash flow consequences and alter the share prices consequently. It compels the decision maker to identify the variables which affect the cash flow forecasts. This helps him in understanding the investment project in totality. It indicates the critical variables for which additional information may be obtained (Thabet, 2017). The decision maker can consider actions which may help in strengthening the "weak spots" in the project. It helps to expose inappropriate forecasts and thus guides the decision maker to concentrate on relevant variables. Competitive advantage strategy. The company need to market the automobile products to wider area so as to outdo the competitors. Again, the company may decide to absorb other companies dealing with automobile products via mergers, acquisition and amalgamation (Thomas, 2009). This will create a monopoly in the market hence achieving competitive advantage to the company. References. Arnold, J. (2010). Coaching Skills for Leaders in the Workplace: How to Develop, Motivate and Get the Best from Your Staff. How to Books. Chopra, S. (2012). Supply Chain Management. Pearson Education. Christopher, M. (2011). Logistics and Supply Chain Management. FT Press. Clardy, A. (2013). A General Framework for Performance Management Systems: Structure, Design, and Analysis.Performance Improvement,52(2), 5-15. Cocca, P., Alberti, M. (2012). A framework to assess performance measurement systems in SMEs.International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management,59(2), 186-200. Combs, G., Clapp-Smith, R., Nadkarni, S. (2010). Managing BPO service workers in India: Examining hope on performance outcomes.Human Resource Management,49(3), 457-476. Daft, RL (2015). Management. South Western College Pub. DeTombe, D. (2012). Complex Societal Problems in Operational Research.European Journal of Operational Research,140(2), 232-240. Fletcher, F. (2012). Business Problem Solving. Routledge. Gogu, M. (2017). Emergency situations, adaptive management and national health strategies.Global Journal of Sociology: Current Issues,6(2), 29. Heranz, J. (2010). Network Performance and Coordination.Public Performance Management Review,33(3), 311-341. Kanungo, R.N., Manuel, M. (2014). Work Motivation: Models for Developing Countries. Sage Publication put. Lee, S.S. (2016). Critical analysis of the educational community discussion: Focusing on the conceptualization.Journal of Educational Innovation Research,26(1), 45-69. Marylene, G. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Work Engagement, Motivation and Self-Determination Theory. OUP USA. Maslow, A.H. (2013). A Theory of Human Motivation. Start publishing LLC. McGregor, D. (2012). The Human Side of Enterprise. New Yolk, 21. Richard, A. (2013). Job Satisfaction from Herzbergs Two Factor Theory Perspective. Grin publishing. Ryan, R.M., Deci, EL. (2017). Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Need in Motivation, development and Wellness. The Guilford press. Thabet, A. (2017). Theoretical Framework Measures Management Accounting Systems and Credit Risk Management Policies and Practices towards Organizational Performance in Palestinian Commercial Banks.Account and Financial Management Journal. Thomas, K.W. (2009). Intrinsic Motivation: What Really Drives Employees Engagement. Berret-Koehler publishers.

Basic Directory Transversal essays

Basic Directory Transversal essays When digging into a system it is always smart to look for obvious lack of security instead of looking at holes within the security. In other words, if you want to poke around a system, look for the obvious, visible openings before engaging in actually attacking the security of the system. I look at this as being given access instead of gaining unauthorized access, which legally, is a big difference. Now I am not a lawyer, but these are two completely different things in my Basic directory transversal involves seeing what directories are publicly accessible without "breaking into" anything. More advanced forms of directory transversal involve using these basic principles to slide through security by using things like "/../" and hex codes to try and fool the software into allowing you access to directories that were not intended to be accessible. But lets stick to the basics for now. For example, depending on the type of web server running, you are probably familiar with the fact that there is a specific default directory structure that usually contains at least one subfolder called "images". No HTML is usually stored in this directory, but there are images there. If the privileges are not set up properly, you can browse to the images directory and see all of the files contains within. Take this one step further and see what other directories you can get into. You might find directories called "content", "templates", "members", or pretty much anything. Each one of these folder should be locked down to prevent unauthorized access. The sad reality is that they are not. During your normal browsing of a site, or your intentional targeting of a site, notice the directory structure of the site. Notice that you may suddenly jump two directories deep. You may click on a link from the main page to a page located at "../content/articles/page1.html". ...

Digital photography

Digital photography has been around for a few years now, but only recently have prices dropped low enough to make digital cameras a reality for the middle class America. The process originated within the Defense Department during the Cold War, and has improved immensely sense then. Digital photography is a method of taking pictures without the hassle or cost of film and developing time. It has also made taking pictures so much easier, not only for consumers but for businesses as well. The invention of the computer has brought the world of technology so far ahead, that most people cant even keep up. The recent invention of the digital camera, has made it possible for an overseas company to show its local branches its daily progress, or for grandparents around the world to watch there grandchildren to grow up. Digital photography has been widely used in advertising and graphic design sense the late 1990s, and has quickly replaced traditional photography in many areas inclu! By pushing the shutter button on a digital camera you instruct a machine called a scanner to record a visual image, which it then converts it into a code of ones and zeroes that a computer can read. After being converted it is then saved on a computer chip where it is stored until it is downloaded or erased. After you have taken your pictures you then attach the camera or the card, depending on the type of setup you have, to the computer to download the image. There are many programs on the market today, which aid in the transferring process. Once you have downloaded the image to your computer there are many possibilities for it. It can then be printed, used in a WebPage, or manipulated by means of various computer programs, such as Adobe PhotoShop, for advertising and promotional purposes. Digital cameras are now available for both professional photographers and amateur enthusiasts. The more expensive professional cameras function

Cause and Effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cause and Effect - Essay Example Global warming is the rise in earth temperature mainly due to its inhabitants and their activities. On average 7 billion tons of carbon di-oxide is emitted into atmosphere by various activities. It not only threatens human beings, but also animals and fertile land. Gases like carbon dioxide, methane are main contributors to this nuisance(Ham et al.,1993) Most of the sunlight is reflected back from earth, but the presence of these unwanted gases prevents its flow back to outer space and consequently re-reflected on to the earth. Use of chemicals and dumping of industrial waste into the sea are the main factors to this evil cause This rise in temperature causes melting of polar ice caps, rise in sea levels, floods, killer storms, droughts, extinction of species. Coral reefs are at a direct threat from global warming, various skin diseases and cancers are gifts of global warming Bibliography : Ham, J , L H. J. M. Janssen, and R J. Swart. Non-co? Greenhouse Gases: Why and How to Control? : Proceedings of an International Symposium, Maastricht, the Netherlands, 13-15 December 1993. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1994. Print. Aristotle, , and Books W. W. Great. The Works of Aristotle : Volume 2: Volume 9.

The True Place of Confucianism in Everyday Life Essay

The True Place of Confucianism in Everyday Life - Essay Example Even so, Confucianism was gradually growing, and various communities accepted it so quickly in what would later turn out as an almost complete takeover from Legalism. Prior to this though, Confucianism was temporarily faced out by Buddhism and Taoism, which turned out to be more dominant at the time. This temporal shake was so violent that, when Confucianism returned later, it had to develop using the models of the two doctrines. The Confucianism then was baptised ‘neo-Confucianism’ which comprised of Buddhism and Taoism. It is neo-Confucianism that came to later take over the society and become the foundation for imperial exams, as well as the central philosophy of the scholar-official class. So succinct yet so intensive, Confucianism acted as some constitution to the Chinese at that time. Following closely and abiding strictly by the doctrines contained within, Ruism was a major determinant in pre-1949 Chinese’s life. The first role of this system was to define the relationship between men and women. Right from creation according to Christians, the relationship between men and women was lucid; women were to revere and worked under the supervision of men. Conversely world over, women are regarded as subjects to men. Similarly, Confucianism contained the guidelines with women viewed as a lesser sex. Precisely, Confucianism contained strong dictation of women’s subordination to men, worse yet; the doctrines indicated that women are not allowed to work. For instance, women were considered as ‘yin’ and men were seen as ‘yang’. By nature, ‘yin’ was soft, tranquil and passive while ‘yang’ was by every dimension, an opposite of the latter; being regarded hard and dominating. Unfortunately, this was the basis of the present-day level of gender-related discrimination witnessed in China. Secondly, it is in Confucianism that the Chinese found their religious consolations. Apparently a range of temples were built throughout China, Beijing

Logic Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Logic Questions - Assignment Example 2. Every event in the world is caused by other events. Human actions and decisions are events in the world. Therefore, every human action and decision is caused by other events. This is a deductive argument. This argument is valid and sound because the claim is logical that the actions and decisions of humans are caused by other events in the world. Similarly, humans react to the events going on around them, which often incite further events that can also be responded to. 3. If God exists, then life has meaning. God does not exist. Therefore, life has no meaning. This argument is a deductive argument. It is an invalid and unsound argument because life has meaning regardless of whether or not God exists. If human beings were created by a higher being, they were created for a purpose; their existence is proof enough that their lives have meaning. If humans were not created by a higher being but through natural means, their lives have meaning by being on earth and creating their own meaning. 4. All cows are purple. Socrates is purple. Therefore, Socrates is a cow. This is deductive argument. This argument is invalid and unsound because we are physically able to determine that Socrates is not a cow. Furthermore, we are able to conclude that Socrates and cows are not purple. Since the premises are not true, the conclusion cannot be true. 5. William James and John Dewey both called themselves pragmatists. They are the leading American philosophers. Therefore, all American philosophers are pragmatists. This is an inductive argument. This argument is invalid and unsound because the identities of these two men as pragmatists cannot be applied to a larger group. Since a lot of philosophical thought is based on theory, pragmatism would not be logically applicable to all American philosophers. 6. Believing in God makes people moral - that is, believers tend to do good and avoid evil. This argument is deductive. It is an invalid and unsound

History of Hollywood

History of Hollywood Hollywood cinema is the most popular in the world.  Hollywood has a significant influence on the cinema of other countries, its no secret that it was Hollywood movies set in the fashion of many genres of film.  They are decisive in the choice of subject, and in the selection of an ensemble of actors, and in creating the image of the film for an advertising campaign.  Today this industry still dictates fashion for movies, every year it produces thousands of films. And that is something! The old studio system in Hollywood combined the production of films, their rent and a network of cinemas.  This system, which allowed major U.S. companies to win national and international markets, known as the Golden Age of Hollywood. Film production has two main components: the producer and his film crew and services.  Many of the major studios of the world combine these processes under one roof: for example the famous Seven studious in Hollywood Fox, Universal, Paramount, Sony, Disney, Warner, MGM.  Other studios offer only services and rent out their premises for lease without their own production and distribution: for example the famous Hollywood studio Raleigh.  All those and others, regardless of whether they run in the production of their own products or not, have one thing in common the perfect industrial base.   History of creation of cinema industry in the USA and Creation of Hollywood The creation of cinema is considered to be the date of the first public display of film of brothers Louis and Auguste Lumiere, on December 28, 1895.   At that time Lumià ¨re brothers showed only their moving pictures in Paris Grand Cafe, and in the U.S. film industry was already a dynamic industry of entertainment.  Thomas Alva Edison in 1891, presented his movie-making camera and peep show the device that projected moving image onto the screen.  However, the screen size was slightly larger than a matchbox, but for a minute audience could see a moving picture.  Two years later, William   Dickson, Edisons assistant, built first studio and began to make films that appear in cinema salons. Unexpectedly peep show became very popular, maybe because it created the illusion of a long trip or visiting the theater, where different comedies or entertaining stories were shown.  From the invention of the Lumiere brothers, peeps differed only by one thi ng the lack of a large screen, that was corrected by Edison in April 1896.  Since then, the U.S. salons became real cinemas. Why the cinema was so popular in the United States?  In Europe films and cinema were entertainment for more or less wealthy people, and in America they immediately became available to the mass public. In 1908, Edison subjected to himself all firms that used while film production and distribution his proprietary equipment.  Everyone who wanted to work in the field of cinematography, was supposed to make a charge, otherwise he threatened to prosecute.  To escape from the agents of Edison, William H. Zelig shifted production of his films from Chicago to California, opening Hollywood studio.  So did also Carl Lemmle, who moved his company from the capital of cinema New York to the West Coast. ( Bowser,   1990, p. 160.) Cinema came in Hollywood in the person of Colonel William H. Zelinga, who in the beginning of XX century bought the piece of land in Wilcoxs area for a branch of his Chicago production company. He acted entirely on legal rights he had an official license for the survey equipment and rolling copying movies.  However, in 1907 in America broke the so-called patent war, the essence of which were disputes about the ownership of projection equipment.  After that, the municipality of Los Angeles forbidden to open in the city and its environs nickelodeons (semi-underground cinema, at the entrance to which was taken a charge of five cents, in English Ni, and Odeon is a theater, where the stolen movies were shown on unlicensed equipment). Interest  to the cinema in America evolved in parallel with great colonization process of the country with people all over the world, who were the potential audience. For example, in 1907 only from Europe to America came to 1,285,000 people, who gave a new and strong impetus to the development of cinema. In addition, it were immigrants who became founders of the countrys largest movie studios: Adolf Tsukor (Hungary  ), who began his career as an apprentice at the furriers, founded  «Paramount »; Charles Lemley (Germany) founded the  «Universal », Warner Brothers (Poland) founded the  «Warner Brosers », Louis B. Mayer (  Russia, Belarus) founded  «Metro-Goldwin-Mayer ». (Scott, 2005) HOLLYWOOD -is a district in Los Angeles, California, located in northwest of downtown Los Angeles.  It is famous as the historical center of movie studios and movie stars.   The first studio in Hollywood was founded by Centaur Company, located in New Jersey, that wanted to shoot westerns in California.  They rented an abandoned roadside diner at 6121 Sunset Boulevard at the corner of Gower-street, and turned it into the studio in October 1911, calling it Studio Nestor in honor of the western branch of the company.  Later the building became film lab in Hollywood, which is now called « Hollywood Digital Laboratory  ».  ( Bowser, 1990) The first feature film made in the studio Hollywood, in 1914, was the film an Indian husband, created by Cecil B. DeMille and Oscar Apfel.  Feature films, made in Los Angeles before Indian Husband were the films From Dusk Till Dawn (1913) and Sea Wolf (1913). (Bowser,  1990, p. 160.) Hollywood had a lot of advantages: there was a lot of sun, spread out around the magnificent scenery mountains, valleys, islands, lakes, beaches, deserts, forests where it was possible to recreate any character that comes on the planet.  The land here is cheap cost, around there were numerous labor for construction and maintenance of studios.  By 1915 it was concentrated 60% of American filmmaking, and for the next five years, an system of film studios, which allowed Hollywood to become a cinema capital of the world.   The word Hollywood is often used as the word movie in the United States.  Alias refers to Tinseltown shiny surface typical of Hollywood and the film industry.  Currently, most of the industry dispersed in nearby cities such as Burbank and the Los Angeles Westside, but such auxiliary industries like editing, effects, props, post-production and lighting companies, remain in Hollywood, as well as for location filming in  Paramount Pictures. In 1911 the company Nestor Company opened in Hollywood at the corner of Sunset Boulevard and the streets Gouner first studio.  By 1920 years in Hollywood studios have opened such as Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Paramount Pictures, Warner Brothers, Twentieth Century Fox, and Hollywood became the center of American cinema.  The growing film industry require appropriate infrastructure.  In Hollywood, they built homes for many film companies, employees, opened a lot of banks, restaurants, clubs, cinemas.  After World War II look of Hollywood once again changed.  Although most studios were in the Hollywood, many movie stars and show business have moved to Beverly Hills, was followed by fashionable restaurants and shops. Many historic Hollywood theaters are used as places of filmmaking and concert venues in major theatrical releases and prime of the Academy of Awards.   Very often the notion of American Cinema and Hollywood unite.  And this is a big mistake. American cinema it is not only a huge Hollywood film industry, but also developed a system of independent cinema.  This film, produced by enthusiasts without the intervention of major film companies, which they simply do not support.  On the one hand, this means smaller budgets, on the other hand less pressure on the directors.  This film is usually not rich, because the producers of film-makers have to look for themselves (and often have to invest and own money).However, in the U.S. independent film is quite popular.  In addition, it also earned worldwide recognition, not just winning on the international kinokonkursah and festivals, and has yielded a number of major contemporary authors.  Prominent representatives of the modern independent American cinema are Woody Allen, John Malkovich, Michael Moore, Jim Jarmusch, David Lynch, Joel and Ethan Coen. Filmmaking in Hollywood from the era of silent cinema to the Golden Age of Hollywood Hollywood began his fame in the era of silent films.  Although the films of that era were shown without sound, talented directors and artists had made them a highly entertaining spectacle.  Films made during the silent movies era in Hollywood are among the greatest masterpieces in cinema history.  Although the directors of silent films often resorted to using titles that told the audience important information, yet the main stake was done on the visual images, not only on the development of the plot, but also in the transfer of thoughts and feelings of characters.  Of course, the audience needed time to understand the language of the Great Silent, but  soon it became really successful. (Koszarski, 1990) Creation of feature films in 1920 was very difficult. While the system of studios offered little opportunity for expressions of artists, it nevertheless had generated a lot of talented filmmakers.  Some of them, such as John Ford or King Vidor, had taken a prominent place in the history, others, like James Cruz, Rex Ingram, Lewis Weber and Fred Niblo, were forgotten. (Koszarski, 1990) With the advent of sound cinema, filmmaking began to flourish.  The success was so deafening that Hollywood had entered a period of greatest prosperity, when its perfectly executed masterpieces helped the audience in the world at least temporarily forgot emotion of that troubled era. Indeed, the silent cinema was never completely silent.  Even the first film screenings were held with the accompaniment of a pianist.  By 1920s, many cinema had their own organs, machines of sound and even orchestras.  In Hollywood, directors were in no hurry to spend huge money on renovations of theirs studios and movie theaters, fearing that talking films could just be a passing fad. (Koszarski, 1990) But by the mid 1920s the company, Warner Brothers, was facing severe financial difficulties, and it was necessary to somehow attract the audience.  In 1926 the studio released the film Don Juan a costume film with sound and orchestral music recorded by the system Vitafon.  But finally the era of silent films ended only in October 1927, when the film The Jazz Singer with Al Jolson in the leading role was released. The transition to sound film was so expensive that Hollywood was forced to seek sources of funding to apply to banks and other business institutions.  In return, some of them, expressing the views of various religious organizations demanded that the film studios to avoid sensitive topics.  As a result, in 1934, Hollywood had to take a set of rules, known as the Production Code: according to this code, in Hollywood movies were not allowed criticism of any religious believes, surgery, drug use, drunkenness, and cruelty to children or animals.  The use of curses, even the most innocuous, is also forbidden.  It was impossible to show details of robberies and acts of violence, to discourage violations of law, and criminals were not allowed to kill police officers.  Stringent restrictions are imposed on everything that was related to sex.  Nude actors on the screen, showing same-sex and interracial love affairs and even passionate kissing was stric tly prohibited. When Hollywood began producing its sound pictures, it quickly regained its reputation as the director of best film production, which made it the capital of world cinema in the era of silent films.  1930-1945 years were the golden age of Hollywood.  Its studios during this time brought into the world 7500 full-length films.  Most of them were black and white, but since 1935 were coming out more and more films made with the use of Technicolor. (Scott, 2005)   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  The system of studios remained virtually unchanged, although the organization was similar studios, each of them has developed his own special style. The largest of the studios Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer asserted that it had more stars than the sky.  It specialized on bright and cheerful family pictures. Production Company Paramount felt strong influence of European cinema.  Many of its films delt with topics of wealth, power and human passions. The company United Artists didnt made own films, but engaged rental tapes of independent producers, such as Samuel Goldwyn and David O. Selznick. (Scott, 2005) The company Warner Brothers had never been rich, but still managed to release a number of popular gangster movies, social films and musicals. XX Century Fox also filmed musicals, westerns and historical pictures, but with very modest budget. The Company Universal had no equal in the era of silent films, but with the advent of sound had to go to the staging of cheap game tapes, mostly horror films.   Columbia was in great distress that survived only by borrowing stars and directors for its most important films from other studios. In the center of each film were of course the stars, although much attention was paid to the quality of the script, as well as costumes, sets and lighting.  Nevertheless, the astronomical fees of stars were in the past, moreover, now they were all involved with very stringent contracts with one or another studio.  The actor, who refused from the proposed role, was threatening suspension from work or the loan of another movie company. In late 1930 the lives of ordinary Americans were not easy: in the era of the Great Depression even the biggest studios with difficulty managed to attract audience in cinema halls. One way of attracting of the public was the practice of double sessions.  Now the film A the main full-time film was accompanied by a less expensive film B within a single session.  Many films of Class B were produced by small cinema companies, which were nicknamed the fraternity of beggars.   The most fortunate of them were of Republic and Monogram, that produced practically more than 40 films a year: they were mostly westerns, adventure films and thrillers. 1946 was for Hollywoods biggest studios the year of greatest success in its history.  However, a few months later, it plunged into the deepest crisis caused by the need to reorganize the system of film studios, the changes in audience preferences, as well as government investigation which went down in history as the Hollywood witch hunt. (Scott, 2005) The foundation of the major Hollywood studios and their influence and dominance in the American filmmaking processes Paramount History of  «Paramount Pictures » began in May 1912.  The companys founder and one of the first producers Adolph Zukor saw that the existing cinemas attract mostly migrants from the working class, so together with partners Daniel Frohman Charles Frohman, he decided to open the first cinema showing art films, which will focus on the middle class due to the fact  that the pictures will be removed leading actors of that time.   In the same year another producer Jesse Louis Lasky opened  «Lasky Feature Play Company ». As the first employee company Lasky took on the work a theater director Cecil B. De Mille, who had at that time no experience in cinema.   Since 1914, the company Lasky and the studio  «Famous Players » mandated distribution of the pictures of the new company Paramount Pictures  », that was founded earlier, in the 1914by the owner of several theaters in Utah William Wadsworth Hodkinson, who had bou ght and merged a few smaller firms. (Scott, 2005) Soon  «Paramount Pictures  » became the first successful film studio in the country. Until then, movies were distributed only  in the territory of one state or region that was not effective. One of the first slogans of the company was the motto  «Famous Players in Famous Plays ».   The company was signing contracts and raised many stars, like Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks, Gloria Swanson, Rudolph Valentino and Wallace Reid.  With the arsenal of the stars  «Paramount » was unable to introduce such a thing as a  «block booking », which meant that if the cinema owner wishes to buy a film with good actors, it had to purchase another smaller films of  «Paramount » for rental throughout the year .  Such a system of relationships could, on the one hand, make  «Paramount » a leader in this position in the 20-30s, but on the other to allow the Government to prosecute the company on the basis of competition law for more than 20 years. During the 20-ies of  the last century, Zukor managed to built a huge theatrical network of more than 200 screens, driving two filmmaking studios and became one of the first investors in the radio, getting a 50% stake in a newly created in 1928  «Columbia Broadcasting System ».  By purchasing in 1926 a thriving cinema network  «Balaban Katz », he hired Barney Balaban, who became president of  «Paramount », and Sam Katz, who ruled the cinema circuit  «Paramount-Publix ».  Zukor also hired independent producer BP Schulberg who was managing the studio  «West Coast ».  (Scott, 2005)   In 1927 the company  «Famous Players-Lasky » changed its name to  «Paramount-Famous Lasky Corporation », and three years later, taking into account the importance of cinema  «Publix », was renamed to  «Paramount-Publix Corporation ».(Scott, 2005) As before, the film company  «Paramount » continued to focus on the stars: in the 20-ies  they were Gloria Swanson, Rudolph Valentino.  By 30s of the  last century many new talents appeared: Marlene Dietrich, Mae West, Gary Cooper, Claudette Colbert, the Marx Brothers, Dorothy Lamour, Carole Lombard, Bing Crosby, the famous Argentine tango dancer Carlos Gardel and many others.  At this time  «Paramount » really was called a factory of the production of film, which produced 60-70 films in a year.  thesewere the benefits of a huge network of cinemas and the previously mentioned system of  «block booking ». Multiplication unit of the  «Paramount » also had great success, thanks to two main characters: sailor Pop and Betty Boop.  Studio  «Fleischer Studios » produced cartoons with both heroes right up until 1942, when  «Paramount » reorganized the company, made it  «Famous Studios », and gained control over the cartoons. In 1940  «Paramount » agreed with the government decision to terminate the systems of  «block booking » and  «pre-selling » (practice of collecting money in advance for the rental of films, which are still in the stage production).  Although a similar action in the company has been a serious reduction in production costs, nodding the bar from 60 to more moderate 20 films a year. However, with new stars Bob Hope, Alan Ladd, Veronica Lake, Paulette Goddard and Betty Hutton and an astronomical number of  the movie in time of war,  «Paramount » and other companies, who owned a combination of studio-theater, earned more than they had ever before. That is why the Federal Trade Commission and the U.S. Justice Department decided to reopen the case against five companies owning such a combination.  All this eventually led in 1948 to the U.S. Supreme Court decision that brought an end to the classical Hollywood studios system. Company  «Paramount » was divided in two:  «Paramount Pictures Corporation » was still involved in film production, including those intended for display in the 1500-screen cinemas. Company  «Paramount Pictures » was among the first followers of television in 1939, running in Los Angeles an experimental television station, later known as  «KTLA », and station  «WBBM-TV » in Chicago. The company also invested in innovative DuMont Laboratories  and DuMont Television Network. However, due to aggravation of anti-trust control by the state after 1948  «Paramount » limited participation in the television network, and  «DuMont » in the mid-50s of the last century ceased to exist. Animation and production of short films  «Paramount » came into the possession of various television producers, who are mostly cartoons and shows acquired by  «UM M.  T.V.  Corp.  ».Animation about Popayà ¡n were sold  «Associated Artists Productions »,  «Superman »  «Motion Pictures for Television », while the remaining cartoons were sold to the company  «Harvey Comics ». In the beginning of the 1960s the future of  «Paramount » was a question: a risky movie business was not successful, cinema network was in the past, investments in  «DuMont » and play TV turned to nothing. Despite tough times,  «Paramount » released commercially successful pictures such as  «The Odd Couple » (1968), Love Story (1970), Rosemarys Baby (1968) and Chinatown. (Scott, 2005) In the 80-90-s.  of the last century, the successful promotion of Paramount Pictures in the field of light movie was even more intensive producing such hits as Flashdance (1983), Friday the 13th, Raiders of the Lost  Ark (1981) and its sequel Beverly Hills COP » (1984), and of course film series with comedian Eddie Murphy and films series of Star Trek.  Despite the fact that special attention was paid to commercial cinema, from time to time serious dramatic film were made, like Atlantic City (1980) and Forrest Gump (1994).  At the same time in the collection of films  «Paramount » more than usually degree began to appear remakes and television tapes based on the movies.  Although sometimes they have been commercially successful, yet the studio had produced very few films of the same level which once made a Paramount Pictures a leader in the production of movies. In 2005  «Paramount » announced the acquisition of the company  «DreamWorks » for 1,6 billion U.S. dollars. This agreement did not include the unit DreamWorks Animation SKG Inc., which is the most profitable part of the company DreamWorks. However,  «Paramount » got the right to hire and distribution of profitable animated pictures  «DreamWorks », which include Shrek Franchise. The American company engaged in the manufacture and distribution of film production, Paramount Pictures Corporation is now located in Hollywood and now this company is the oldest American film studio. The place where it is now- is the historical centre of cinema production, and for many visitors with a newly renovated studio  «Paramount » embodies Hollywood, and the tour tothe studio attracts a large number of guests. Universal Studios Universal Studios (Universal Pictures) is the second largest Hollywood studios, a subsidiary of NBC Universal and is included in more than a dozen studios in the world. Universal was founded on the base of one of its predecessors Yankee Film Company (1909).  Founder of Universal are Carl Lemley, and Abe and Julius Stern. In 1908 Thomas Edison created Motion Pictures Trust, which collected payments from all aspects of the film business from production to the show because he owned a patent for an electric motor used in cameras and a film projector, and a monopoly on distribution.  Lemly and other theater owners saw the way in getting rid of Edisons monopoly in the production of original films, which led to the fact that Lemley with partners in June 1909, created a Yankee Film Company.   Soon, the company has become a Independent Moving Pictures Company, and from 8 June 1912, it became known as Universal Film Manufacturing Co.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  The main areas of activity were Universal film production and distribution. Very important for the development and success of the company was commemoration in the titles the names of the actors, that allowed the company to sign contracts with many famous artists of that time.  In addition, it helped to create the so-called star system a system of stars.   Thus, in 1910, Lemley is actively promoted Florence Lawrence, until the well-known as Biograph Girl, what can be considered the first ever case of name actor in the marketing companys film studio.   In 1915, Lemley has opened the worlds largest film studios Universal City Studios , that had an area of 0.9 km ² on the Cahuenga Pass near Hollywood.  Management Studio was a third area of activity of the company. In 1926, Universal opened a studio in Germany Deutsche Univarsal-Film AG, which was headed by Joe Pasternak.  Until 1936, the unit produced 3-4 films a year, but under pressure of the growing influence of Hitler in Europe, it had to migrate first to Austria and then to Hungary.  With the advent of sound in cinema, this studio was to make films in German, Hungarian and Polish languages.  Universal did not not showed these films in the U.S., but they still fall into the American Rental efforts of independent distributors.   Then the studio made such famous films as: Show Boat (1929) , a rich musical Broadway with the first color scenes, The King of Jazz (1930) and On the Western Front, which brought the studio an Oscar  for the best film of 1930.  Also was made a series of films about monsters Universal Horror films this is Frankenstein, Dracula and The Mummy. (Scott, 2005) By the beginning of the Second World studio retured to its recent specialization: Romance, cheap western and classic horror sequel to the studio.   In 1950, the companys agent, Lew Wasserman, MCA and Universal Studios produced a veritable revolution in the American movie business: Wasserman signed the contract with the studio, under which his client the great James Stewart receives no fee, and the portion of the profits from the rental of 3 films with his participation,  which were supposed to withdraw to Universal.  When one of those films Winchester 73 became a mega hit rolled, Stewart became the first truly rich American actor.  Soon this form of payment for the actors work was firmly established in the practice of American and international film business.   In the late 50-ies of XX century studio, and the whole movie business in general, was undergoing yet another difficult period associated with the development of television.  The company MCA, which was the actors agency, became a powerful television producer, and in 1958 for $ 11 million acquired Universal Pictures with its studio area of 1.5 km2.  Although formally Universal remained independent producer, the effect of MCA on the nature of film removed at the studio was very significant.  However, MCA not only significantly upgraded the capacity of the studio, but signed for Universal contracts with such prominent actors like Doris Day, Lana Turner and Cary Grant. In the 70 years of the last century, despite the fact that the studios made such hits as Airport, The Sting, American Graffiti, Jaws, ET, Back to the Future and Jurassic Park  period, the main magic wand for the studio were films made for television.  In the early 70s Universal combined its efforts on the world distribution of his films with Paramount Pictures, but in 1981 they have been joined by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer: so there appeared a company United International Pictures, which since 1997 also distributed films of Dreamworks.  (Scott, 2005) In the 90 years Universal had repeatedly changed owners, that led to the creation of one of the largest U.S. and global media conglomerates NBC Universal. Warner Brothers The American company, which is one of the largest producers of film and television entertainment. Warner Bros.  includes several subsidiary companies, including Warner Bros.  Studios, Warner Bros.  Pictures, Warner Bros.  Television, Warner Bros.  Animation, Warner Home Video, DC Comics and The CW Television Network. The company is named in honor of the four Warner brothers who founded in 1904 the Duquesne Amusement Supply Company (the precursor to Warner Bros.), which distribute films.  For several years, the territory in which they worked for the company, expanded to include a four-state area.   By the beginning of the First World War the brothers began producing films, and in 1918 opened a studio Warner Bros.  Studio, situated on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood.  Sam and Jack Warner produced the pictures, while Harry and Albert were engaged in finance in New York.  In 1923 they formally merged into a corporation Warner Bros.  Pictures, Inc.   The company prospered, allowing the brothers in 1924 to get a loan on Wall Street.  This money was acquired by Vitagraph Company, which had a nationwide distribution network, and bought several radio stations and built new theaters. In the 1920s company began to actively develop the film with sound and in 1926 began producing films with sound and sound effects.  In 1927 it released the film The Jazz Singer with dialogue, and the film became a sensation, and inaugurated an era of talking pictures.   In 1928 the company acquired one of the largest networks of cinemas Stanley Company. Later, in 1929, the brothers acquired its main rival First National Pictures.  The court allowed the two companies merge under the name Warner, provided that prior to 1938 the brothers will be releasing several films a year under the name First National Pictures.   In 1928 the brothers released in theaters now Lights of New York (born Lights of New York) with a full sound track.  Since then, the entire film industry finally turned to movies with sound: by the end of 1929 all the major studios released only sound films.   In 1929 Warner Bros.  released their first full-color film  «On with the Show ».  The second color film Gold Diggers of Broadway, that had become so popular that was shown in cinemas for over ten years- thus began the era of color film.   In the period from 1929 to 1931, Warner released a set of color films (Sally, Bright Lights, Song of the flame, Song of the West, Under the moon of Texas and others).  Most of them were musicals, and audience quickly got tired of them, so the studio had to withdraw from this genre.   Under the guidance of Darryl Zanuck in the 1930 studio famed for its gangster movie, and then to melodrama.  Around 1934 the company has problems with the censors, so it switched to making of historical films. In 1930 it established an independent company Warners cartoon, under the direction of Leon Schlesinger cartoon creation.  In 1931, it established a new series of cartoons Looney Tunes humorous sketches with a jazz soundtrack.  In 1933, new artists came to the studio (Jack King, Freeze Freeling et al), who produced the famous Buddy (born Buddy).  Studio has acquired a recognizable style that made its work extremely popular.   Among them were rabbit Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck. During the Second World War studio became very rich thanks to increased demand for movies. In these years the company opened a lot of actors who were celebrities: Joan Crawford, Doris Day, etc.  (Scott, 2005) In January 5, 1948 Warner Bros.  released the first color newsreel, the Night of Roses Parade, that was a significant contribution to the development of the cinema.   In 1948 the Supreme Court of the United States, considering the antitrust disputes, issued a decision that made Warner Bros.  and four other major film companies of the country separate from the film industry of their networks cinemas.  Without the possibility of wide translating, there was no longer need to produce 30 films a year, so the brothers began to turn their production and ultimately sold the company to bank syndicate. For some time the company was engaged in adaptation of the popular plays, as well as a very good showing in creating a television series (individualist and others).  In 1958 began its work the record company Warner Bros.  Records, but

Kids Having Kids Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Linnie, from one of the poorest areas of Washington, D.C., started having sex when she was only eleven. Girls from disadvantaged homes are three to four times more likely to have children. By the time Linnie was fifteen, she was pregnant. As soon as she found out, her boyfriend of five years left her. This is very common when it comes to teenage pregnancy. More teens are having sex and getting pregnant then ever before! These girls must decide what to do about their child, and that is a very hard decision!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are about four million teens that are sexually active in the U.S. Only about half of them use protection. There are many influences in a young person’s life. Mass media is a big part of the influence. Television displays twenty thousand scenes of suggested sexual intercourse. 94% are on soap operas between unmarried couples and teens. Some say that sexual education being taught in school makes it seem acceptable. It also makes teens think about sex more. Another reason that teens are having sex is because times have changed. For example, in the 1950s, pregnant teens were sent away for nine months to stay with distant relatives or to live in homes of unwed teen mothers. Until the 1970s, pregnant teenagers were not allowed to stay in school, but now it isn’t nearly as strict!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many effects of having sex and one is getting pregnant. The first step is to think about what to do with the baby. One of the hardest steps is telling your parents...

A Rhetorical Analysis of: Evil is as Evil Does Essay

PURPOSE: The famous Greek philosopher Aristotle once said, concerning the art of rhetoric, â€Å"[it] is the faculty of discovering in every case the available means of persuasion.† A suitably eloquent phrase, the definition lends itself to images of momentous speeches amongst great crowds and heated debates in which the fluent, forceful language of one person casts a shadow over the rural diction of another. Leonard Pitts’ purpose in his article, Evil is as Evil Does, is to argue that, â€Å"The events of September 11 did not happen because we did something wrong. Or because we somehow ‘deserved’ them.† Pitts feels very strongly that we were attacked on September 11 â€Å"because certain religious extremists hate us.† Pitts is writing a heated response to the arguments and comments he has heard over the past couple of weeks concerning why we were attacked. AUDIENCE: Since this article was in a local professional newspaper for the public, Pitts’ audience would consist of people in Columbus, Georgia, regions close around the city, and in Florida because he is a writer for the Miami Herald. The audience would consist of mainly middle-aged, middle class people. Pitts seems to be aiming this article particularly at those who are trying to empathize and rationalize the terrorist attacks in New York City and Washington D.C. Pitts seems to feel they need to be convinced that evil cannot be rationalized and that the United States did not do anything to deserve these horrendous attacks. He says, although our â€Å"government has dirtied its hands in foreign affairs† we do not â€Å"drive planeloads of noncombatants into buildings filled with the same. And we don’t dance in the street when innocents die.† Therefore, he targets those who are trying to rationalize the motives of the terrorists because they are the people that are the most directly affected by the article, and the ones that need the most convincing. APPEALS: Pitts tries to reach his intended audience by making appeals to ethos, pathos, and logos. Throughout the article, he points out the facts of his argument, and then he relates them directly to his topic. Pitts shows ethos by making a logical argument for his own opinions, and attempting to persuade his audience to see his side. He uses logos to invent pathos for the attacks in order to draw out the emotions of the readers. For instance, he aggressively attacks those who are trying to figure out what we might have done to deserve what happened. Even his voice seems to be filled with anger and condescension. He argues, â€Å"Despite all of our transgressions, we don’t sanction the murder of those who have neither the capacity nor the intention to harm us.† Then, he reiterates that this is what the terrorists did. Pitts also argues that, â€Å"the claim that there might be some sort of moral equivalency between us and them is misguided at best, offensive at worst.† Here he relate his argument to pathos by stating that â€Å"Hell no,† we did nothing wrong and nothing to deserve these attacks. He claims that these attacks happened because the terrorists hate us. Pitts’ states that â€Å"they hate us because our foreign policy has been supportive of Israel. They hate us because we helped repel Saddam Hussein from Kuwait in 1991. They hate us because we are the biggest, the wealthiest, the most influential, and the most powerful. They hate us because we are not them, and, moreover, because they are not us.† STYLE: The style of this article is of a basic format. Pitts begins his article with a bold sentence to catch the attention of the reader. Kinneavy states in his book, â€Å"A Theory on Discourse†, that, â€Å"the distinctive function of the entrance paragraph is to introduce the subject and make clear the end and object of the speech† (Kinneavy, 266). He clearly introduces the purpose of his article in the first paragraph. He then transitions into his narrative and proof. He explains what propelled him to write this article and he proceeds with his proof as to why America is not at fault for the terrorist attacks. He concludes his article with another bold statement, which says, â€Å"We are right and they are evil. End of story.† This concluding paragraph shows the readers how strongly he feels about his argument. The reader can clearly see after reading this article that Pitts is using inductive reasoning to persuade his audience. The article was very easy to read and understand. There were no words that one would stumble over or that were hard to define and the paragraphs flowed and transitioned smoothly. The sentence structure was also varied well between long and short sentences. AUTHORITY: Pitts establishes his authority at the very beginning of the article by including his job title with his name: Leonard Pitts, Commentary. Right away, his audience is aware that he is an educated man because, otherwise, he would not be a writer for such a well-known newspaper as the Miami Herald. He is also an American, which, at this point, gives him good authority to write such an impassioned commentary concerning the recent attacks. Another thing that shows a writer to be credible is how one would define his character. Aristotle listed three aspects that would help with the credibility of a writer. â€Å"The speaker must appear to have a practical knowledge about the reality at issue, he must seem to have the good of the audience at heart, and he must portray himself as a person who would not deceive the audience in the matter at hand† (Kinneavy, 238). This is divided into good sense, good will, and good moral character. Pitts shows his good sense by showing his readers that he is well informed about the topic he is writing on. He goes through his article systematically, and reasonably refutes those people with which he does not agree. He shows his good will by explaining that we are better than the terrorists and the country they came from because we do not hurt innocent people on purpose or celebrate when they die. With his good will, he is establishing that as a fellow American, he does not, and will not empathize with the terrorists or anybody from the Middle East. Finally, Pitts expresses good moral character by showing his anger over the events mentioned. He also gives examples of the atrocities of the terrorists: flying airplanes into buildings filled with innocent people and â€Å"sanctioning the murder of those who have neither the capacity nor the intention to harm us.† He reminds those that are feeling sorry for the terrorists that Americans would never have done the evil things that terrorists do. He is expelling his good moral character by showing that he does not condone the acts of the terrorists. ORGANIZATION: Pitts starts his article with a quick and bold statement, â€Å"Let’s get one thing straight.† He then presents his thesis which states that we did not do anything wrong to deserve these attacks. He then begins to follow up with comments he has heard and e-mails he has received concerning why they believed the United States was attacked. Then he vehemently states that â€Å"In a word, no. To all of the above, to all the tortured reflection and moral distress: no. Hell no.† After this statement he proceeds to explain why he so adamantly disagrees with the empathetic reactions of the comments he has heard. First, he expresses acknowledgment that some people â€Å"might have legitimate reason for animosity toward this country.† He then transitions to state that although we might do things to cause anger in other countries, we do not respond in a violent and evil manner because of this. Pitts explains that when the United States is forced to take military action, we limit it to military targets and that we do not kill innocents on purpose. Pitts then states trying to change ourselves and the way we run this country in order to insure that â€Å"no one will ever steer a plane into one of our buildings again is foolishness.† Pitts then ties all these previous ideas together in his implications and conclusions section. He does not revisit each argument, but instead says that â€Å"they hate us† and â€Å"there is nothing about our enemies that deserves to be dignified by our moral distress.† He concludes his argument by asserting that â€Å"We are right and they are evil. End of Story.† EFFECTIVENESS: This article was a very effective argument. The author made a point by providing facts to support that point, and countering the opposition. The article flowed well, and the diction was not so complex that one could not understand. The passionate voice Pitts uses and the facts he provides clearly express his feelings on the issue at hand. I do agree with Pitts’ assertion that these attacks were not the fault of America and I also believe we did not deserve these vicious attacks. The acts of the terrorists were cowardly and evil. And in my own opinion, I believe that the attack backfired on them. Although they caused mass chaos and much pain, they also caused a revival of American pride and unity in our nation that has not been seen since World War II. Pitts’ article completely convinced me because I believe the same things that he does. We are certainly not a perfect nation and we do not always do the right things, but we do not condone the slaughter of innocent people, and there is no cause that would justify such an action. Works Cited 1. Kinneavy, James. A Theory of Discourse. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1980 2. Introduction To Aristotle. Co-Directors Sally Jackson and Scott Jacobs. San Francisco University. September 28, 2001 .

Paleolithic vs. Neolithic essays

Paleolithic vs. Neolithic essays There are many differences the Paleolithic and the Neolithic ages have. For instance their housing, means of living, and technology. The Paleolithic had camp sites, caves, and huts for their housing. Also their means of living were hunting and gathering. Their technology was having hunting and gathering tools made out of chipped stone, wood, or bone. For the gathering part of their lives they specialized in basketry. The Neolithic, however, had houses of mud or stone, which were more durable than tents or huts. Their means of living farming and herding and they specialized in craftwork. Their technology was having their farming tools made out of ground stone. They specialized in spinning, weaving, and pottery making. The Paleolithic, or Old Stone Age, was the longest. It began about 2 million years ago, when stone tools were first used by human, and ended with the close of the last ice age about 13,000 BC. Neolithic or New Stone Age Stone tools became highly polished and varied. By 6000 BC pottery appeared in the ancient Middle East, and copper was used for the first time in some regions. In other regions, the Neolithic arrived much later. In conclusion there were some similarities between the two ages but there were a lot more differences. ...

sliver essays

sliver essays In the Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio, women are portrayed as both aggressive and strong, as well as week and submissive. Giovanni Boccaccio was a man born in the wrong era since most writers were portraying women as objects for men and the women were almost always conniving. Boccaccio gave the women in his story a brain and showed that women ca Ernest Hemingway pulled from his past present experiences to develop his own thoughts concerning death, relationships, and lies. He then mixed these ideas, along with a familiar setting, to create a masterpiece. One such masterpiece written early in Hemingway's career is the short story, "Ind Literary Interpretation of The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Gilman I did not intend to drive people crazy, but to save people from being driven crazy... said Charlotte Perkins Gilman, author or The Yellow Wallpaper. Indeed this story could very easily drive one crazy. However, like Ms. Gilman stated, I dont believe that was h The Yellow Wallpaper - Journey into Insanity In "The Yellow Wallpaper", by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, the dominant/submissive relationship between an oppressive husband and his submissive wife pushes her from depression into insanity. Flawed human nature seems to play a great role in her breakdown. Her husband, a noted physician, is unwilling to admit that there might really b Thematic Comparison ofRevelation?,A Good Man A woman assaulted, a car accident ending with the car on its side, and an execution of an entire family make up images commonly found in horror stories or movies but rarely found in humor. Yet Flannery O?Connor, a female writer in the mid-1900's, found a way to incorporate them into her religiously themed sh ...

Module Practical Research application Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Module Practical Research application - Essay Example evidence that has demonstrated that learning can be significantly enhanced by using the appropriate technology, but the rapidly evolving and developing technologies in some cases leave the teachers with the feeling of unpreparedness regarding how they are used in the inclusive classrooms. Hooper and Rieber (1995) acknowledge that teaching is a demanding job and consider the different way that technology has not been able to have a considerable effect on education in the past while going further to outline the conditions needed for technology to be utilized efficiently in the future. Based on their work, Hooper and Rieber (1995) suggest that the idea and products are supposed to be integrated and the teachers must endeavor to familiarize and utilize the technology through integrating, reorienting and evolving its stages in order to use it effectively. They further state that the teachers who develop ways of integrating technology have a chance to re-conceptualize the part they play in the classroom and through guidance from research findings associated with cognitive psychology and other associated areas, teachers may develop an environment where the students can engage aggressively in perceptive partnerships with the available technology. According to Hansen (2008), developmental concerns are among the challenges that influence the use of technology especially with young learners, regardless of this; some critical aspects of literacy have been enhanced in the cases where technology is available. Hansen’s study was intended to measure when and what forms of technology were incorporated into literacy teaching and learning meant for students in the second grade through conducting interviews as well as observations. The results of the research demonstrated that the curriculum remained consequent to intervention and technology was utilized in both literary learning and teaching almost forty percent of the entire time. With this increase in the use of technology, the

On Being A Music Therapist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

On Being A Music Therapist - Essay Example t; highly developed aural awareness; and the ability to make arrangements for unconventional combinations of instruments requiring variable or minimal levels of playing proficiency† (Musictherapyworld.de). A basic knowledge in â€Å"human psychological, physiological and emotional response to music, historical development of music therapy, detailed study of one music therapy approach, wide range of music therapy approaches and their theoretical bases, and the ability to compare contrast and critically evaluate clinical applications† are significant in the practice and application of the profession (Musictherapyworld.de). In becoming a professional MT, one must possess fine personal qualification and attitude such as: being responsible; good in written and oral communication skill; good interpersonal skill; â€Å"knowledgeable in professional and institutional code of ethics, experience in a multi-disciplinary team, sharing and accessing Bachelor degree in music therapy is necessary in acquiring the profession as a music therapist. United States of America is setting a standard in granting the board certificate to MT graduates. â€Å"A music therapist must complete 1200 hours of clinical training in addition to required coursework, research, and passing a nationally accredited certification exam† to be a Board-Certified or MT-BC (Wikipedia.com). The various cultures, practices, and lifestyles have an influence on physical, emotional, and mental aspects of a person. Dealing and living with our high-stressed, busy, and sophisticated technology-oriented environment subject us to sickness, depression, psychological illness and others. Thus, music therapy gives more opportunity in terms of employment and career because everyday more people are having those negative feelings that need to be treated. I have great interest in choosing this career since I have the potential skills in the field of music. I can play guitar and electronic organ and even compose my own songs.

Reflection5 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reflection5 - Assignment Example Mentalese is the global grammar that is found in all languages. In order to master language, all a child needs is to code the details of their native language(s) to the innate mental language (Clark et al., 45). Since mentalese has the ability to combine noun and verb phrases, a child is able to master language(s) by identifying the verb and noun phrases found in their native language. Consequently, the children are able to identify the grammatical patterns and structure of their native language. However, nurture also plays a very important part in learning language, especially in terms of understanding the sentence structure. The period between birth and six years represents a crucial period for language development and is referred to as the automatic acquisition stage. From six years to puberty, further acquisition of language can be acquired but will be impaired. The first few months after a child is born represent a time when the brain develops synaptic connections that are necessary for grasping information and other skills. However, as people grow older, the synaptic connections are lost and that is why it is difficult for adults to learn new languages. But while the ability to learn new languages wears off, other systems like the reproduction system are developed. Therefore, the reason why language is innate, is because while babies are faced with many linguistic challenges when they are born, they automatically manage to learn their mother tongue. Additionally they lack the necessary linguistic stimulus to learn a language but still learn it. Simply, there is a poverty of

The role of music and other sound Essay Example for Free

The role of music and other sound Essay Often when in convocation with another person a generally meaningless comment can have a profound ability to offend someone more than a deliberately vulgar outburst; this is due to the tone in which the person delivers his remake. Tone as described in the Oxford Dictionary is the sound of a persons voice, expressing a feeling or mood, and is an essential tool in the way people communicate with each other to express there feelings and experiences. In author Tennessee Williams A Street Car Named desire a play about two sisters from the south living out there separate lives, meet again in New Orleans during a pivotal moment in each of there journeys; tone is a vital tool in expressing there emotional trials and tribulations within the book. As while reading the book it is not possible to hear the tones in which the characters use to express themselves, it is done through the stage directions. Thought the stage directions do not only evoke the tones of the play, they also foreshadow events ahead through describing symbolic happenings such as music and sound effects. Tennessee Williams use of stage directions is one of the many keys to the great success of this play; even the first paragraph is a tribute to that. The first paragraph describes a peaceful image, Two women, one white the other coloured talking, which for its time would have seen as being taboo in most areas of the country. The passage continues to describe a peaceful setting where summer seems to be creeping slowly and how people of different colours mingle amongst each other. This sense of tranquility is suddenly halted by the playing of a blue Piano simultaneously as the men come back for there bowling match. This indicates that the blue piano is a foreshadow to trouble in the future and when ever it plays it symbolizes a problematic situation arising. This is confirmed further on within the act as when ever the piano is described, a conflict emerges. Whilst Stella and Blanche are reacquainting they start to talk about what happened to there old home the Belle Reve, when the blue piano starts playing again. In this situation the piano indicate the emotional climax of this scene, when Blanche vividly describes what trials and tribulations she has suffered whilst her sister has been away, and how badly she has come off from them. The tone of the speech is very much linked to the colour of the piano, intending the speech to portray a time of sorrow of Blanches life. The last and probably the most symbolic aspect the image of the blue piano withholds is the forthcoming of Stella and Stanleys new baby. The arrival of the baby mentioned in unison with the play of the blue piano foreshadows that the birth or even just the babies being with strike up conflict within the characters in the book and may lead to a rift in there relationships. Another musical effect portraying tone is the song of the Polka. The song features at the end scene one during a conversation where Blanche and Stanly were flirting. The polka song is meant to symbolize the death of Blanches husband; ambiguously the line The music of the polka rises up, faint in the distance refers to her husband in a literal sense, as to Blanche, her husbands memory is faint in the distance, from a time long past, but still it faintly lives on within her. The reminder of her husband through song is a reaction of the guilt she feels, guilt for flirting with another man, i. e. her sisters husband Stanly. This guilt uncovers her underlying feelings still for her husband and how she is still trying to grasp hold to her life that she had before her life went into turmoil. The song also foreshadows the starting of a relationship with Stanly will only lead to a negative end for Blanche and potentially suffering a similar downfall as when her husband died. The final effect of sound used to disclose tone is laughter. Regularly in plays laughter would be used by the author to denote a light hearted or humors moment within the performance; however the appearance of laughter in A Streetcar Named Desire marks a moment or presence of tension between characters. Not the first occurrence of laughter used to break tension but probably the most prominent is when Stanley first offers Blanche a drink and uses a sexual metaphor to refer to her drinking. This not only reveals Stanleys nature as a womanizer but exposes sexual tension between Blanche and her brother in law. The laugh therefore predicts a sexual entwinement between the two characters later on in the book ensuring conflicts to follow. The second important period where a laugh emoting tension occurs is during convocation between Stanly and Stella when they are arguing over whether Blanche is telling the truth about Belle Reve. This is a pivotal moment within the opening scenes for it reveals three things. Firstly that Stella is uncomfortable with her husbands over eagerness to pursue issues that do not relate to him. This makes her insecure for it means she is unable to with hold her own secrets, for if Stanly new she held them he would interrogate her until she told him or worse. The is related to the first, in that Stella feels she has no control over her life for she is forced to do what Stanly wants, which is portrayed in that he does not listen to what Stella want and interrogates Blanche; which against Stella wishes. Thirdly Stella feels Stanly is far to curious of Blanche and feels slightly threatened by her sister as she feels Blanche may steal Stanley away from her. A Streetcar Named Desire is a play driven upon an emotional rollercoaster colliding with opposing personalities ensuring for furious confrontations. Tennessee Williams use of stage directions to provoke the tone of the characters allows for vivid imagery and powerfully tense moments.